seed-production farm

1) Agriculture: seed farm

2) Advertising: seed-production farm

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1. ( предприятие) factory, works, plant, mill

2. ( приведение в действие механизма) winding(-up)

заво́д (часо́в) без ключа́ — stem winding

заво́д (часо́в) голо́вкой — pendant winding

3. ( приспособление в механизме) winding mechanism

4. ( срок действия заведённого механизма) wind

5. полигр. duplication of the run

автомоби́льный заво́д — брит. motor-works; амер. automobile plant

аффина́жный заво́д — (gold, silver) refinery

бето́нный заво́д — concrete-mixing plant

бонда́рный заво́д — barrel factory

бума́жно-целлюло́зный заво́д — wood-pulp and paper mill

вагонострои́тельный заво́д — carriage [wagon] works

га́зовый заво́д — gas works

заво́д железобето́нных изде́лий — concrete product plant

зерноспиртово́й заво́д — grain-alcohol distillery

ка́бельный заво́д — cable works

кирпи́чный заво́д — brick works, brick yard

коже́венный заво́д — tannery

ко́ксовый заво́д — coking plant

коксохими́ческий заво́д — by-product coke plant

комбико́рмовый заво́д — (animal) formula-feed plant

ко́нный заво́д — stud farm

консе́рвный заво́д — cannery, canning plant, canning factory

копти́льный заво́д — smoke-house

кузовострои́тельный заво́д — coachbuilding factory

ледоде́лательный заво́д — ice-making plant

лесопи́льный заво́д — saw mill

ликё́ро-во́дочный заво́д — distillery

лите́йный заво́д — foundry

локомотивострои́тельный заво́д — locomotive works

льнообраба́тывающий заво́д — flax-mill

маслобо́йный заво́д — oilery, oil mill

маслоде́льный заво́д — butter factory

маслоэкстракцио́нный заво́д — oil-extraction plant

машинострои́тельный заво́д — engineering works, engineering plant

медеплави́льный заво́д — copper smeltery

меднорафиниро́вочный заво́д — copper refinery

металлообраба́тывающий заво́д — metal-working plant

металлурги́ческий заво́д — metallurgical works

мети́зный заво́д метал. — hardware plant

моло́чный заво́д — dairy factory, dairy plant

моторострои́тельный заво́д — engine works

мылова́ренный заво́д — soap works, soap plant

нефтеперего́нный заво́д — oil refinery

оловоплави́льный заво́д — tin smeltery

о́пытный заво́д — pilot-production plant

заво́д основно́й хи́мии — heavy-chemicals plant

переде́льный заво́д — semi-integrated steelworks

заво́д перви́чной обрабо́тки льна — rettery

пивова́ренный заво́д — brewery

заво́д плодо́вых со́ков — fruit-juice plant

плодоовощеперераба́тывающий заво́д — fruit-and-vegetable processing plant

заво́д по́лного (технологи́ческого) ци́кла — integrated works

заво́д по обрабо́тке ры́бы, берегово́й — shore-based fish factory

посо́льный заво́д — saltery

рафина́дный заво́д — sugar refinery

рафиниро́вочный заво́д метал. — refinery

рыбово́дный заво́д — fish hatchery, fish farm

рыбоконсе́рвный заво́д — fish cannery, fish canning plant

рыбоконсе́рвный, берегово́й заво́д — shore-based fish cannery

рыбоконсе́рвный, плаву́чий заво́д — floating fish cannery

са́харный заво́д ( первичной обработки сырья) — sugar-mill, sugar-house

сахарорафина́дный заво́д — sugar refinery

сбо́рочный заво́д — assembly plant

свинцовоплави́льный заво́д — lead smeltery

заво́д сельскохозя́йственного машинострое́ния — farm implement works, farm equipment factory

семяочисти́тельный заво́д — seed cleaning plant

смолоперего́нный заво́д — coal-tar processing plant

заво́д с непо́лным (технологи́ческим) ци́клом — non-integrated works

солева́ренный заво́д — salt-making plant, saltworks

солеочисти́тельный заво́д — salt refinery

солодо́венный заво́д — malt-house

заво́д с прока́тными цеха́ми ( без доменного и сталеплавильного цехов) — non-integrated steel works

сталеплави́льный заво́д — steel works, steel plant

станкострои́тельный заво́д — machine-tool plant

стеко́льный заво́д — glass works

судострои́тельный заво́д — ship-building yard(s)

суперфосфа́тный заво́д — superphosphate plant

сыромя́тный заво́д — tawery

та́рный заво́д — box factory

тра́кторный заво́д — tractor works, tractor plant

утилизацио́нный заво́д ( по вытопке жиров) — rendering plant

заво́д фая́нсовых изде́лий — earthenware factory

хими́ческий заво́д — chemicals plant

хлопкоочисти́тельный заво́д — gin house, ginnery

хозрасчё́тный заво́д — self-supporting [self-paying] factory

цеме́нтный заво́д — cement plant, cement mill

цинкоплави́льный заво́д — zinc smeltery

чугунолите́йный заво́д — ironworks

чугуноплави́льный заво́д — ironworks

шрифтолите́йный заво́д полигр. — type foundry

   Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.

   The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.

   The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.

   Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system.

    See also Minifúndios, Latifúndios, European Union.

SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology

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A farmer's son, at the age of 17 McKay developed modifications to the existing stripper harvester and created a machine that would not only strip the seed from standing corn, but was able to produce a threshed, winnowed and clean sample in one operation. The prototype was produced in 1884 and worked well on the two acres of wheat that had been set aside on the family farm. By arrangement with a Melbourne plough maker, five machines were made and sold for the 1885 season. In 1886 the McKay Harvester Company was formed, with offices at Ballarat, from which the machines, built by various companies, were sold. The business expanded quickly, selling sixty machines in 1888, and eventually rising to the production of nearly 2,000 harvesters in 1905. The name "Sunshine" was given to the harvester, and the "Sun" prefix was to appear on all other implements produced by the company as it diversified its production interests. In 1902 severe drought reduced machinery sales and left 2,000 harvesters unsold. McKay was forced to look to export markets to dispose of his surplus machines. By 1914 a total of 10,000 machines were being exported annually. During the First World War McKay was appointed to the Business Board of the Defence Department. Increases in the scale of production resulted in the company moving to Melbourne, where it was close to the port of entry of raw materials and was able to export the finished article more readily. In 1909 McKay produced one of the first gas-engined harvesters, but its cost prevented it from being more than an experimental prototype. By this time McKay was the largest agricultural machinery manufacturer in the Southern hemisphere, producing a wide range of implements, including binders. In 1916 McKay hired Headlie Taylor, who had developed a machine capable of harvesting fallen crops. The jointly developed machine was a major success, coming as it did in what would otherwise have been a disastrous Australian harvest. Further developments included the "Sun Auto-header" in 1923, the first of the harvesting machines to adopt the "T" configuration to be seen on modern harvesters. The Australian market was expanding fast and a keen rivalry developed between McKay and Massey Harris. Confronted by the tariff regulations with which the Australian Government had protected its indigenous machinery industry since 1906, Massey Harris sold all its Australian assets to the H.V. McKay company in 1930. Twenty-three years later Massey Ferguson acquired the old Sunshine works and was still operating from there in the 1990s.

Despite a long-running history of wage disputes with his workforce, McKay established a retiring fund as well as a self-help fund for distressed cases. Before his death he created a charitable trust and requested that some funds should be made available for the "aerial experiments" which were to lead to the establishment of the Flying Doctor Service.

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1. n

1) капитал, денежные средства и активы для финансирования деятельности компании; финансы, инвестируемые в бизнес

2) основная сумма

3) столица

2. adj